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Реферат: Dyslexia Essay Research Paper DyslexiaGeneral informationImagine if
Dyslexia Essay, Research Paper
Dyslexia
General information
Imagine if my report was written like this: Dyslexia is wehn yuor midn
gets wodrs mixde pu. If you were dyslexic, that’s how you might read my report.
The word dyslexia is derived from the Greek ?dys? (meaning poor or inadequate)
and ?lexis? (word or language). Dyslexia is a learning disability
characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language.
It is characterized by extreme difficulty learning and remembering letters,
written or spoken words, and individual letter sounds. Extremely poor spelling
and illegible handwriting are common symptoms. Problems may emerge in reading,
spelling, writing, speaking, or listening. Dyslexia is not a disease, therefore
it doesn’t have a cure. Dyslexia describes a different kind of mind, often
gifted and productive, that learns differently. During my extensive research of
this topic, I have become very interested and sympathetic for people who have it.
Dyslexia is not the result of low intelligence. The problem is not
behavioral, psychological, motivational, or social. It is not a problem of
vision; people with dyslexia do not ?see backward.? Dyslexia results from the
differences in the structure and function of the brain. People with dyslexia
are unique; each having individual strengths and weaknesses. Many dyslexics are
creative and have unusual talent in areas such as art, athletics, architecture,
graphics, electronics, mechanics, drama, music, or engineering. Dyslexics often
show special talent in areas that require visual, spatial, and motor skills.
Their problems in language processing distinguish them as a group.
This means that the dyslexic has problems translating language to thought (as
listening or reading) or thought to language (as in writing or speaking).
Dyslexics sometimes reverse letters and words (b for d, saw for was). In speech,
some dyslexics reverse meanings (hot for cold, front seat for back seat) or word
sounds (merove for remove).
Here is a test to see if you have any signs of dyslexia. Few dyslexics
show all the signs of the disorder. Here are some of the most common signs:
* Lack of awareness of sounds in words, sound order, rhymes, or
sequence syllables
* Difficulty decoding words – single word identification
* Difficulty encoding words – spelling
* Poor sequencing of numbers, of letters in words, when read or written,
e.g.; b-d; sing – sign; left – felt; soiled – solid; 12-21
* Problems with reading comprehension
* Difficulty expressing thought in written form
* Delayed spoken language
* Imprecise or incomplete interpretation of language that is heard
* Difficulty in expressing thoughts orally
* Confusion about directions in space or time (right and left, up and
down, early and late, yesterday and tomorrow, months and
days)
* Confusion about right or left handedness
* Similar problems among relatives
* Difficulty in mathematics – often related to sequencing of steps or
directionality or the language of mathematics
Who has dyslexia?
The National Institute of Health estimates that approximately 15% of the
U.S. population is affected by learning disabilities. Of the students with
learning disabilities who receive special education services, 80-85% have their
basic deficits in language and reading. Every year, 120,000 additional students
are found to have learning disabilities, a diagnosis now shared by 2.4 million
U.S. school children. Many children are never properly diagnosed or treated, or
?fall through the cracks? because they are not deemed eligible for services.
Dyslexia occurs among all groups, regardless of age, race, or income.
Well-known dyslexics who learned to cope include Nelson Rockefeller, Albert
Einstein, Thomas Edison, and Winston Churchill, . At Harvard, dyslexics are
allowed to take their examinations on a typewriter, which for some reason
significantly helps their scores.
Recently, national attention was drawn to Ennis Cosby (son of Bill
Cosby), who was also dyslexic. His father ( Bill Cosby) remembers watching in
frustration as his son studied and studied but got nowhere with his grades.
Ennis managed to enter Morehouse College in Atlanta, but he continued to
struggle with his schoolwork. His mother Camille told Jet Magazine in 1992, ?We
didn’t know that Ennis was dyslexic until he went to college.? However, Ennis
enrolled in a short program that quickly prepared him to deal with his dyslexia
and to fully master reading. Soon after he made the dean’s list. He then
headed for graduate school in New York City to become a teacher of children with
learning disabilities. Ennis was also a good singer and actor and shortly
before he was killed, he promised a photo shoot with Fila.
Many successful people are dyslexic and many dyslexic people are
successful. Recent research has established that dyslexia can run in families.
A parent, brother, sister, aunt, or grandparent may have had similar learning
difficulties. One consistent fact is that 80% of dyslexics are male.
Scientists believe the answer to this mystery can be found in the chromosomes.
They believe, however, it is possible that dyslexia is caused by a defect on
Chromosome 15.
What can be done?
There are several ways to discover and successfully cope with a learning
disability such as dyslexia. One method is to have the dyslexic person take a
visual examination by a behavioral optometrist. Here is how one person learned
to cope with dyslexia: A man that was examined had problems in eye tracking.
He couldn’t follow a line across a page smoothly, and his eyes were operating
independently. Extensive vision therapy was begun. He came to the offices two
and three times a week. No special reading training was suggested. Within a
year he was reading at three or more years above his class level. His grades
jumped from low scores to the top of the class. He was pleased with himself
academically, and no longer found it necessary to walk out of class when he was
agitated – in other words, he didn’t get that upset anymore.
Dyslexia is easier to prevent than to cure. Individuals with dyslexia
need special programs to learn to read, write, and spell. Traditional
educational programs are not always effective. Individuals with dyslexia
require a structured language program. Dyslexia does not usually go away of its
own accord, and it can follow otherwise a bright individual.
Societies can provide referrals for testers, tutors, and schools
specializing in dyslexia, as well as information on new technologies,
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (I.D.E.A.) legislation, Americans with Disabilities Act
accommodations for college students and adults, and medical research updates.
They encourage early intervention, including a multisensory, structured,
sequential approach to language acquisition for individuals with dyslexia. They
offer professionals and educators information on multisensory structured
language approaches to teaching individuals with dyslexia.