Реферат: Types Of Skiing Essay Research Paper Types

Types Of Skiing Essay, Research Paper

Types of Skiing

Downhill Skiing

In Downhill skiing, competitors take a ?set course from start to finish.?

They take turns racing and each run is timed. The person with the fastest time

wins. Downhill racers use ski poles to pick up speed at the start and for

balance when they take turns. They try to keep there skis as close as possible

to the snow. As he leaves the starting gate he activates an automatic timing

mechanism. Downhill racing is the fastest Alpine ski racing sport. Champion

skiers reach speeds of over 90 miles per hour on the steep, strait parts of the

course. The turns call for immense skill and powerful muscles. Taking tuns at

fast speeds puts a lot of stress on the legs. The racers use helmets for

protection, because falling at high speeds can be very dangerous. The sport

needs a great deal of courage. The good thing about it is that it is probably

the most exciting ski event ever. Large bumps called moguls, and steep pitches

add to the hazards. The course ranges from about 1 and a half to 3 miles long.

The fastest recorded speed for a man on skis is 129.827 miles per hour. The

fastest recorded speed for a woman is 124.759 miles per hour. Both records were

achieved at Lees Acres, France, in April 1984.

Slalom

In slalom competitors race downhill through a series of gates

represented by pairs of poles. The flags on the gates are either red or blue.

There are three types of events: Slalom, Giant Slalom, and Super-G. Slalom

has many gates and tight turns. Giant Slalom has fewer gates and wider turns.

Super-G is a combination of Giant Slalom and downhill racing.

Getting through the gates of a slalom course calls for great balance and

skill. Races are won on the fastest time, as in downhill, but if a gate is

missed or taken wrongly it means disqualification of the racer. Olympic slalom

events require a course to have a vertical drop of at least 650 feet from the

beginning to the finish.

Cross Country

Cross Country skiing requires great stamina. The standard courses range

from 3 to 30 miles and some are even longer. There are fewer sharp turns or

steep slopes than there are in Alpine racing. In a biathlon competitors make

stops to shoot at targets. They carry their rifles strapped to their backs as

they progress from target to target areas. Time penalties are given for missed

targets.

The big marathons are held in Europe and in North America. Anyone can

take part, from competitors to beginners.

Ski poles play an important part in cross country skiing. The skier

uses the poles to help with the rhythm necessary to keep up a consistent pace

and help to propel forward. The champion Nordic skiers average about 12 miles

per hour. Like long distance runners, they go into a rhythmic stride.

Ski Jumping

Out of all the snow sports, ski jumping is the most spectacular. The

fearless competitors take off from huge ramps and soar through the air before

landing as much as 330 feet away. There are two ski jumping events, the 70m

and the 90m. These are not the height of the ramps, but how far you are

expected to jump. Points are awarded for style as well as for distance. A ski

jumper crouches to gather up speed as he goes down the [in run] of a ski tower.

The position in the air is important, and is judged on steadiness and control.

Ski jumping is probably the oldest form of skiing. Skis used for ski jumping

are heavier, longer, and wider than Alpine skis.

Top Ten Ski Resorts

Killington, Vermont

Killington is the largest ski resort in the Eastern United States. It

has six peaks referred to as separate mountains: Sunrise Mountain, Bear

Mountain, Sky Peak, Killington Peak, Snowdon Mountain, and Ramshead Mountain.

All these Mountains can be skied by skiers of all levels of ability and it is

easy for skiers to move from one mountain to the next. Considering how big

Killington is there are eighteen lifts: six double chairlifts, four triple

chairlifts, five quad chairlifts, two surface lifts, and one Gondola. The

Gondola that they have is three and a half miles long, which is the longest the

longest in North America. Killington’s total skiable area is seven-hundred and

twenty-one acres with a vertical drop of three-thousand, one-hundred and sixty

feet. Killington has one-hundred and seven runs. Of these runs, 45% are

beginner runs, 20% are intermediate, and 35% are advanced. Killington’s

longest trails are Juggernaut, Timberline, and Cascade, which are all about

ten miles long. Killington’s average monthly temperatures during the season

are: 28 degrees in November, 26 degrees in December, 17 degrees in January,

16 degrees in February, 26 degrees in March, and 34 degrees in April.

Snowbird, Utah

One of Snowbird’s best features is its easy access. Snowbird is only

thirty-one miles away from Salt Lake International Airport. The airport has

seven buses daily that take people to Snowbird, They also have eight car rental

agencies. Snowbird is a great mountain to ski on. They have wide open runs

that have, moguls, power, or just plain steep runs. Snowbird has an

unbelievable 1,900 acres of skiable terrain and has a total lift capacity of

8,810 skiers per hour. The base is about 8,100 feet and the top of the tram is

about 11,000. This provides a vertical drop of about 2,900 feet. The mountain

is serviced by eight chairlifts: one aerial tram, and seven double chairlifts.

Crowding is usually not a problem at Snowbird even though it is close to a major

city. There is not much crowding because there are a lot of other ski resorts

in that area. It must also be noted that Snowbird is not an easy mountain. The

beginner and intermediate runs that they have are harder than at other resorts.

Snowbird receives about 550 inches of snow annually. Its monthly snowfall is:

Sixty-five inches in November, seventy-six inches in January, eighty-four

inches February, one-hundred and seven inches in March, and seventy-five

inches in April. The longest beginner run is Big Emma at 550 feet long. The

longest intermediate run is Chips Run at two miles long. The longest advanced

run is Silver Fox at about 1.7 miles long.

Steamboat, Colorado

Steamboat has four peaks that are available to ski on: Thunderhead Peak,

Storm Peak, Sunshine Peak, and South Peak. These peaks are 3,600 feet

vertical, the second highest in Colorado. The base elevation is about 6,900

feet and Steamboat’s highest peak is 10,500 feet. There are 2,500 skiable acres

and over fifty miles of trails. Steamboat is served by twenty lifts that are:

one eight passenger gondola, one quad chairlift, seven triple chairlifts,

nine double chairlifts, and two ski school lifts. The longest beginner run is

Why Not at three miles. The longest intermediate run is High noon at two and a

half miles. The longest advanced run is Shadows at just under one mile long.

Their annual snowfall is 325 inches. Their monthly snowfall is: 27 inches in

November, 71 inches in December, 63 inches in January, 56 inches in February,

57 inches in March, and 20 inches in April. Average monthly temperatures

during a season are: 28 degrees in November, 18 degrees in December, 15

degrees in January, 18 degrees in February, 26 degrees in March, and 38

degrees in April. Steamboat is an easier mountain as Snowbird is a harder

mountain. In other words, Steamboat does not have as many runs that are

intimidating. They do not even have one double-black diamond to ski on. This

Mouton is more of a family Mountain than anything else. However, the expert runs

are not wimpy. The will challenge the expert, and in the right snow conditions

(Powder), the may be among the best in Colorado.

Sun Valley, Idaho

Sun Valley, like Aspen, has two mountains: Baldy Mountain, and Dollar

Mountain. Dollar Mountain is about two miles away from ?Badly.? Shuttle buses

run every 15 minutes between both mountains. Shuttle services start about a

half an hour before the lifts open and run until half an hour after the lifts

close. Dollar Mountain is considered primarily a teaching mountain. It is

pretty small, easy, and there is not a single tree on that mountain. Dollar’s

base is about 6,010 feet and its summit is at 6,638 feet, giving it a vertical

drop of 628 feet. The entire mountain consists of only 127 acres with uphill

lift service for 5,000 skiers per hour. Bald Mountain is a classic ski mountain,

and it is the mountain for which Sun Valley is most famous for. Baldy has all

the elements’ skiers of all ability look forward to when skiing. There are

gentle rolling slopes, steep runs, mogul trails, and bowls filled with deep

powder. Baldy’s base is 5,750 feet, the lowest of any Resort located in the

Rocky Mountains. Its summit is 9,150 feet giving it a vertical drop of 3,400

feet. Sun Valley’s Mountain snow fall is: 36? in Nov., 60? in Dec., 100? in

Jan., 115? in Feb., and 100? in Mar.. Average monthly temperatures during a

season are: 32 degrees in Nov., 21 degrees in Dec., 19 degrees in Jan., 24

degrees in Feb., and 31 degrees in Mar.

Taos, Mexico

Taos is pretty much a mountain for expert skiers. 51% of the mountain’s

runs are expert runs, only 25% are intermediate, and 24% are beginner. The

elevation of Taos at its summit is 11,819 feet. With its base at 9,207 feet,

the vertical drop is 2,612 feet. The longest beginner run is Whitefeather at

3.1 miles long. The longest intermediate run is Honeysuckle at 5.25 miles long.

The longest expert run is Longhorn at just a little over 2 miles. Taos is the

kind of mountain where it is either snowing a lot or it is clear skies. They

get over 323 inches of snow annually, it’s monthly average is: 40? in Nov., 36?

Dec., 58? in Jan., 37? in Feb., 63? in Mar., and 39? in Apr. The average

monthly temperatures at the base of the mountain are: 27 degrees in Nov., 21

degrees in Dec., 22 degrees in Jan., 28 degrees in Feb., 32 degrees in Mar., and

39 degrees in Apr..

Telluride, Colorado

By anyone’s definition Telluride is a great mountain. Located in

Uncompahgre National Forest deep in the San Jan mountains, it’s trails offer

terrain for skiers of every skill level. Telluride mountain has 3,155 vertical

feet. Its base is at 8,735 feet and its summit is at 11,890 feet. They have

735 acres of skiable terrain and it is serviced by: 1 detachable quad chairlift,

6 double chairlifts, 2 triple chairlifts, and 1 Poma lift. The longest beginner

run is Tellyride trail, and the lift that takes you to that run is the world’s

detachable quad chairlift at 2.85 miles long. The longest intermediate run is

See Forever, and the longest advanced run is The Plunge. In total, there are 45

trails of which 24% are beginner, 50% intermediate, and 26% are advanced.

Telluride’s annual snowfall is 300 inches. It’s monthly snowfall is: 20? in

Nov., 53′ in Dec., 50? in Jan., 37? in Feb., and 66? in Mar..

Breckenridge, Colorado

Three mountains comprise Breckenridge ski area: Peak 8, Peak 9, and Peak

10. From a base of 9,600 feet to a summit of 12,213 feet, there are 2613

vertical feet of wonderful skiing. All the mountains are interconnected by

fifteen lifts that include 3 quads, 1 triple chairlift, nine double chairlifts,

and two surface lifts. The Resorts uphill lift capacity is 22,650 skiers per

hour. Breckenridge is a large Resort: there are more than 1,480 skiable acres,

consisting of 107 trails. 23% of the trails are easy, 28% are intermediate, and

49% are expert. The longest run on peak 8 is a beginner run that is named 4

O’clock and is 3 miles long. Centennial and Crystal are the longest

intermediate runs each at 1.3 miles long. The longest expert run is Cimarron at

two-thirds of a mile. Breckenridge’s annual snowfall is about 320?. There

average monthly snowfall is: 36? in Nov., 31: in Dec., 32? in Jan., 45? in Feb.,

58? in Mar., and 54? in Apr. Average monthly temperatures are: 26 degrees in

Nov., 21 degrees in Dec., 21 degrees in Jan., 23 degrees in Feb., 29 degrees in

Mar., and 34 degrees in Apr.

Aspen, Colorado

Like Snowbird, Aspen mountain has easy access. Aspen is only 200 miles

away from the major city, Denver. It is also easy to make it to Aspen by air.

United Express and Continental Express offer quick service from Denver’s

Stapleton International Airport to Aspen. Aspen mountain is different form any

other mountain in this report. It is one of only two mountains that does not

have any beginner runs (the other is Sun Valley). It may also be the only

mountain the majority of the trails are short. Located in the White River

National Forest, Aspen Mountain has over 23 mails of trails. Of these trails

35% are intermediate trails, 35% are black diamond, and 30% are double black

diamond. The base elevation is 7,945 feet and its summit is 11,212 feet. This

gives the skier 3,267 vertical feet of skiing. This resort has: 1 Gondola, 1

quad superchair, 2 fixed grip quads, and 4 double chairlifts. Aspen’s uphill

lift capacity is 10,775 skiers per hour. Compared to other mountains, Aspen

receives annual snowfall of about 30 inches. It’s average monthly snowfall is:

34? in Nov., 52? in Dec., 40? in Jan., 51? in Feb., and 66? in Mar. It does not

seem as that is a lot of snow, it is not. They get a lot of their snow from

snow-making machines.

Vail, Colorado

Vail Mountain is one of the greatest ski mountains in North America. By

anyone’s definition, Vail Mountain is BIG, consisting of 12,500 acres of which

3,787 acres are developed trails. Vail is the largest single ski area in

America. The developed trails total 102 runs, the longest being Riva Ridge at

three miles. Vail has a base elevation of 8,150 feet and rose to 11,250 feet at

its summit. This equates to a 3,100 foot vertical drop. This terrain is

serviced by the following lift equipment: Gondola, 1 high speed enclosed

quadruple chairlift, 5 high-speed detachable chairlifts, 1 fixed-grip chairlift,

3 triple chairlifts, 9 double chairlifts, and 2 surface lifts.

Vail, with its excellent mix of terrain offer’s challenge and excitement

to skiers of all ability levels. The front face of the mountain consists of 32%

beginner trails, 31% intermediate trails, and 32% are expert runs. The back

side of the mountain consists of four bowls, three of which are either advanced

or intermediate depending on the snow conditions.

Vail Mountains receives an annual snow fall of about 300-350 inches.

It’s average monthly snow fall is: 60? in November, 62? in December, 62? in

January, 54? in February, 65? in March, and 34? in April. The average daily

temperatures during the season are: 28 degrees in November, 21 degrees in

December, 20 in January, 23 in February , 28 in March, and 35 degrees in April.

Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Jackson Hole is located in the Bridger Teton National Forest. The ski

area is one of the largest in North America and has over 4 square miles of

skiable terrain. The lower mountain, where all the beginner and most of the

intermediate runs are, is called Apres’ Vous. Right next to Apres’ Vous is

Rendezvous Mountain. Rendezvous is where Jackson Hole’s difficult runs are.

The mountains have: 6 beginner trails, 26 intermediate trails, and 25 expert

trails. Jackson Hole has the following lifts: 1 Aerial tram, 1 quad chairlift,

1 triple chairlift, 5 double chairlifts, and 1 high speed poma.

The longest beginner’s run is Eagle’s Nest. It is 2,062 feet long. The

longest intermediate run is Gros Ventre. It is 1.4 miles long. The longest

expert run is Rendezvous Bowl at 2,700 feet.

Jackson Hole’s yearly snowfall is: 108? in November, 84? in December, 84?

in January, 96? in February, and 48? in March. Jackson Hole is a big mountain.

Its base elevation is 6,311 feet and the elevation of the summit is 10,450 feet.

A vertical drop of 4,139 feet gives skiers the most vertical feet of skiing of

any major United States ski resort.

Ski Equipment

Proper ski equipment plays a major role for those wishing to hit the

slopes. The type of equipment needed depends on the kind of skiing the

individual wished to perform. Different equipment is needed for different types

of skiing. The beginner will use a far different type of binding, for instance,

than the experienced downhill skier.

Competitors and Cross Country skiers need more advanced equipment geared

specifically to that sport. Also, clothing plays a major role as a skier who is

unprepared for freezing conditions and possible high winds can suffer from

frostbite or even worse.

Skis

When buying skis check that they are not damaged in any way and that the

running base is smooth and flat. The shovel plays a big part in turning, it

flexes and leads the skier around. The narrowest part of the ski is the waist.

The waist is where you place your boot. The ski is arched, or has a Camber to

support the waist and to control different forces you might put on it. Without

a skier the ski would only touch the snow at two points – the shovel and the

tail. The tail is tipped up to reduce possible damage.

It is really simple to find out how long you want your ski to be. You

want your ski to be about the same height as you are.

Boots

Aside from their part in attaching the skier to the ski and inducing the

right forward lean, ski boots must feel comfortable. Ski boots need adjustment

to keep the right fit throughout the day. Make sure your toes are not pushed

tightly against the front of your boot and that the heel of the foot is not kept

down. When strapping your boot on keep your heel down. Your ankle must be

free to bend, allowing you to go into the forward lean position.

Bindings

Ski binding are probably the most complicated item of your ski

equipment. If they are not perfectly adjusted you will find out that your skis

will be coming off all the time, or will fail to come off when they should,

which could lead to a bad accident.

The bindings have two main parts: a toe piece and a heel piece.

Although it can vary , the toe piece normally releases under sideways pressure

and the heel piece under forward and upward pressure. Some bindings have a heel

pivot so the whole heel binding swivels to release the boot. The toe piece is a

spring-loaded gadget made to release your boot when the forces on your leg build

up to a dangerous level.

Poles

Built as much for balance as for turning skis, ski poles must be the

correct length. When you are holding your poles they should be at elbow length.

Plastic baskets are at the end of your poles. The baskets normally have at

least one hole in them so that you can stick the other pole’s tip threw it to

have an easier way to carry your poles. Lost baskets should be replaced as soon

as possible.

Clothing

Whatever type of ski gear you use, remember to wear ski clothing in

layers. Make sure your gear is warm, windproof, and waterproof.

The ski jacket should be wind and waterproof. Look for strong zippers

covered with flaps and drawstrings for durability. Gloves should be large

enough to let the fingers move and thick enough to keep the fingers warm. Make

sure the cuffs go over the wrists and the palms have extra padding.

Goggles give protection to the eyes against the cold, the snow, or

sunlight. Keep them in your jacket when you are not using them to avoid getting

them scratched or lost.

Ski pants or ?bibs? should have straps that feel comfortable over your

shoulders. They should also feel snug but not too tight around your waist. They

should have pockets and also be waterproof and windproof.

Bibliography

Weber, Robert E. The Greatest Ski Resorts in America, Dallas, Texas; Guide

Book Publishing Co., 1988.

Walter, Claire The Best Ski Resorts in America, New York, New York; Randt

and Company, Inc., 1988.

Bartelski, Konrad + Neilands, Robin Learn Downhill Skiing in a Weekend,

Toronto; Daring Kindersley Limited, 1991.

Markels, Alex ?Travel Watch,? Snow Country, March/April,? page 37.

Skiing.? Comton’s, 1992 page 311-314.

Barritt, Norman Snow Sports, New York, New York; Franklin Watts, 1987.

Skiing By: Bryan Colter